The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance

The Manager's Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance - Episode Five- Active Shooters

Hello and Welcome to The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The authors are David J. Smith and Mark D. Silinsky. This is a Rothstein Publishing product. These are podcasts analyzing the intersection of today’s business practices and international terrorism. They are brought as a courtesy of Kensington Security Consulting, which brings education to national security. In this fifth episode, we turn to active shooters in the workplace.  What should you do if somebody starts shooting? How can you protect your coworkers?
 An Active Shooter at Work
Active shooter situations are unpredictable and can develop quickly. When the shooting begins, many of your employees will likely be terrified, and some may become immobilized with fear. Make sure your security manager has a plan in place and that it has been tested. If a shooting occurs, consider these steps: If you can evacuate safely, do so. If evacuation isn't possible, shelter in place. If the shooter comes near you or if you feel the need to intervene to protect your employees or customers, take action against the attacker.
 
Evacuate
If an escape route is available, use it to evacuate. As a business leader, you may have specific responsibilities during an active shooter situation. Make sure you understand these duties, as well as those of your superiors and subordinates. Ensure your employees are aware of this guidance, and rehearse the plan with your boss and some of your most trusted employees. Clearly communicate that if there is an active shooter, they will have particular responsibilities.
 
Have an Escape Route and Plan
Have an escape route and plan, and make sure your employees know it. In some active shooter situations, knowing the exit locations can save lives. During the November 2015 shooting at the Bataclan music club in Paris, a guard opened the backdoor and shouted to patrons to come to him. This action saved lives, demonstrating that quick thinking during an active shooter event could be life-saving for your company as well. Ensure your employees are aware of an escape route. Be prepared for the possibility that an attacker might be blocking evacuation or stationed outside to prevent people from fleeing. Stay alert to these risks.
 Have an Escape Route and Plan
Have an escape route and plan in place, and ensure your employees are familiar with it. In some active shooter situations, knowing the exit locations can save lives. For example, in Paris in November 2015, there was a shooting at the Bataclan music club. A guard ensured the backdoor was opened and shouted to patrons to come to his voice. This saved some lives, and quick thinking during an active shooter incident could save lives in your company as well. Make sure to identify escape routes for your employees. If an attack is sophisticated, a terrorist might prevent evacuation or be positioned outside to kill those fleeing. Be aware of these possibilities. Some workers may refuse to leave, even if instructed by police or rescue units, often out of obligation or courage. However, you should encourage anyone who can evacuate to do so, and to leave all belongings behind. You can help facilitate escape by remaining calm but firm. Assert your authority and insist that everyone leave. Prevent others from entering areas where an active shooter may be present. Remember to keep your hands visible and follow instructions from first responders. Be cautious when moving wounded individuals, as sometimes moving a severely injured person can worsen the situation. Those with flesh wounds or who need support can be assisted out. This is often a difficult judgment call that requires your best discretion. Call emergency services when you are in a safe location.
Shelter in Place
Sometimes it’s not possible to evacuate a building. You need to have your employees find a place where the active shooter is less likely to find them. Tell them to silence their cell phones, stay quiet and calm, and call emergency personnel if possible. Try to stay out of the shooter’s view and look for a structure that is more likely to protect you if he starts shooting. Check for an escape route so you don’t get trapped, and see if the door has locks. Even if there are locks, use furniture to block the door. If there are any windows in your shelter area, see if you can open them. Be ready if the perpetrator enters the room.
 Take Action Against the Active Shooter
Sometimes, you and your employees cannot evacuate or find shelter. If your life is in immediate danger, try to overpower the shooter by acting aggressively. Are there heavy items you can throw? Are there knives or scissors? What about heavy objects? Yelling might help. Make sure you're committed to your actions. If you need to charge at him, plan to go through with it.
 Support First Responder Efforts
No matter where you are, help is likely to arrive eventually. In some countries, police and counterterrorism units are highly skilled and well trained. In others, responders may be less experienced. If you're in a foreign country, be prepared to meet rescue teams who might not speak fluent English, are very young, might have limited training, and could be very nervous. Remember the steps mentioned above and ensure that your team also understands them.
If your company is under fire, remember the British slogan of World War Two: “Keep Calm and Carry On.” This was the advice for Londoners during the Battle of Britain, when their city was being rained with bombs. They were good words and apply to your workplace in a crisis. Keep your eyes open and follow instructions. Do not yell, and try not to point at things. Drop whatever you have in your hands and raise your hands slowly. Make sure that they are visible. Keep your movements smooth, and do not cling to the emergency personnel.

The Manager's Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance - Episode Three - What is Terrorism?

Hello and Welcome to The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The authors are David J. Smith and Mark D. Silinsky. This is a Rothstein Publishing product. These are podcasts analyzing the intersection of today’s business practices and international terrorism.  They are brought as a courtesy of Kensington Security Consulting, which brings education to national security. In episode three we will define terrorism and see how it , we will broadly cover terrorism and its impact on businesses.
 Defining Terrorism
"The struggle to define terrorism is sometimes as hard as the struggle against terrorism itself." --
Boaz Ganor (Pipes, 2015, June 2).
It has not been possible to create a single, universally accepted definition of terrorism. The term is often surrounded by political controversy. For example, you could describe the killers of the cartoonists at the satirical French Charlie Hebdo magazine as terrorists. However, editors at the influential British Broadcasting Corporation's Arabic service refused to use the term, explaining, “Terrorism is such a loaded word.” The United Nations has struggled for more than a decade to define terrorism. One useful definition comes from senior writers at the journal Risk Management. Written in 2002, it is very comprehensive: "An act, including, but not limited to, the use of force or violence, committed by any person or persons acting on behalf of or in connection with any organization, creating serious violence against a person or serious damage to property or a significant risk to public health or safety, undertaken to influence a government or civilian population for the purpose of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause." Although lengthy, this definition is thorough. The US government defines terrorism as “any activity that (A) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state; and (B) appears to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government through intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping." Additionally, it is summarized more concisely as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets" (United States Code, 1984; US Department of State, 2006). The authors of this book adopt this definition of terrorism, which helps distinguish between non-terrorist acts of violence and terrorist acts.
Politics is a key aspect of terrorism. If someone steals from your company purely out of greed, that isn't terrorism. The thief isn't making a political statement; they just want something for free. The thief probably has no interest in politics and likely doesn't link your company to political issues. However, if someone threatens to bomb your company for political reasons, that is terrorism. Whether or not nation-states can also be considered terrorist states is beyond this book's scope. But if a threat or act of violence is politically motivated, this book will classify it as terrorism.
Workplace Violence and Terrorism
In today’s world, terrorist violence is quite common. If your business has offices in the Middle East and Europe, you probably worry about terrorism. But in the US, most workplace violence has nothing to do with terrorism or politics. Each year, workplace violence results in nearly two million non-fatal acts and about 600 employee deaths. It has remained among the top four causes of death at work for years. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines workplace violence as any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide. This definition does not address motive. Most motives for workplace violence are unrelated to global politics or religious anger. You have probably supervised employees who are discontent or unhappy. If you have fired, demoted, or laid off employees, you may have been subjected to verbal abuse or physical threats. You may have feared for your safety. When you disciplined an employee, gave a poor evaluation, or spoke firmly about inadequate performance, you likely noticed that the employee was upset. This is normal, but workplace violence is not. Two case studies illustrate the possible connection between workplace violence and terrorism. In both cases, the perpetrators had political as well as personal grievances.
This concludes the third episode of The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The full book is available for purchase online from Rothstein Publishing. Nothing in this podcast reflects the official position of the U.S. government. On behalf of Kensington Security Consulting, thank you for listening.

The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business - Episode Four - More Indicators of Terror

Hello and Welcome to The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The authors are David J. Smith and Mark D. Silinsky. This is a Rothstein Publishing product. These are podcasts analyzing the intersection of today’s business practices and international terrorism.  They are brought as a courtesy of Kensington Security Consulting, which brings education to national security. In this fourth podcast in the series, we continue to identify indicators that a worker may commit violence.
 Aggression or Threats Toward Coworkers
Sometimes, anger goes beyond words. An employee might clench their fists and snarl while discussing political or social issues. Each employee has their own personal struggles and concerns. Sometimes, personal issues are brought into the workplace. There are issues you can address. A troubled employee might need some time off, counseling, or simply a boss willing to listen. However, if the anger is unexplained or driven by religious or racial themes, you could face a serious problem, and you should act immediately. Be very careful in handling this, and ensure you document the event. Notify higher management levels. The Alton Nolen and Nidal Hasan cases are good examples.
 Presence of Unauthorized Weapons
 How easy is it for a troubled employee to bring a weapon onto your company premises? You need to understand your company’s rules regarding weapons. There is no universal policy; different companies have different standards. In some parts of the U.S., employees might keep a rifle or shotgun in their vehicle’s rack, especially during hunting season. It may be common for employees to go bird shooting in the late afternoon at local blinds. Your company might see this as a local tradition and be okay with firearms as long as they stay in the vehicle. Others prohibit any firearms on the premises. Still, some allow certain employees to carry firearms under specific conditions. If your company is one of those, make sure the policy is clear. In the Nolen case, at least two weapons were involved. Nolen used a large knife to kill, but he was shot by a man legally permitted to carry a concealed weapon. Does your company have a policy on employees carrying a concealed handgun? It’s important to know, and your employees need to know too. Employees should understand what management considers a weapon. What you see as a pocketknife might be regarded as a weapon by someone else. Work with security to create a clear and shared understanding of how your company defines weapons. Encourage employees to inform security or their supervisor if they have concerns.
 
Attempts to Communicate with Known Extremist Groups
There is an old adage that a man is judged by the company he keeps. Men and women in your organization certainly belong to a wide variety of groups that include religious, political, athletic, social, and volunteer organizations. However, some groups have dark agendas. If these groups operate through legal channels, they may not pose a problem for your company. It is often not illegal to be a member of organizations that many people would consider extremist. But if they advocate violence or try to subvert American laws or values, they could cross into illegal activity. It can be very difficult to determine if one of your employees is connected with an extremist group or if that connection poses a security risk for your business. However, if one of your employees communicates with an extremist organization during work hours, they are forcing the issue.
It will help you to become familiar with sources that indicate what some people consider to be extremist or hate organizations. For example, the two sources below are controversial and have been both praised and criticized. You may find it helpful to familiarize yourself with these and other sites.
The Southern Poverty Law Center is a left-of-center advocacy group that monitors what it considers hate groups in the US. Its director has enough credibility to be asked to testify before Congress. You may find its list of hate groups useful. The Center’s critics say that it has politicized terrorism and underestimates the threat of radical Islam.
Another source is Jihad Watch, run by Robert Spencer. He has written many books on militant Islam. His website offers valuable links that can provide information on terrorist groups in the area you plan to visit or invest in.
Terrorism or Workplace Violence or Both?
Fort Hood: Initially, the victims didn’t know who was shooting. Shots rang out, soldiers fell to the floor, and people screamed. On November 5, 2009, Major Nidal Hasan, an Army psychiatrist who had embraced fundamentalist Islam, brought two handguns to a facility for soldiers going to and from Afghanistan. The shooter began shouting “Allahu Akbar,” meaning “God is Greatest” in Arabic, and then started shooting anyone in uniform. When the chaos ended, 13 men and women were dead, and 30 others were wounded. Hasan was shot and paralyzed by Fort Hood police officers. Was Hasan’s workplace violence also an act of terrorism? Many would say yes. First, he was very open about his opinions and gave a slide presentation titled “The Koranic World View as it Relates to Muslims in the US Military.” Hasan argued that a good Muslim needed to kill American soldiers because they were enemies of Islam. Among his coworkers, he openly criticized the US as a colonizing and aggressive power. He represented himself at trial without a lawyer and explained that he chose a location and time where many soldiers would be gathered and vulnerable. He was sentenced to death.
In February 2014, the US Army destroyed the crime scene completely. This was the slaughter site where Hasan murdered his fellow soldiers and civilians. In August 2014, Hasan sent a letter to the leader of ISIL. In 2013, while on death row awaiting execution, Hasan wrote a handwritten letter renouncing his U.S. citizenship and his Army oath. “I formally and humbly request to be made a citizen of the Islamic State.
The Killing Floor: “That part of a slaughterhouse where the animals are killed and initial processing is carried out.” Alton Nolen killed a fellow employee and tried to kill another at the food processing plant where he worked. This was definitely workplace violence, but it could have been terrorism if there had been a political motive. Why did Nolen kill his coworkers? Who is Alton Nolen? Nolen called himself Jah’Keem Yisrael on Facebook. His mother described him as having been raised “believing in God.” A family friend added that he was “really just a normal person... He was polite." But Nolen certainly had a darker side. In 2006, Nolen was arrested on drug charges. He went to prison in 2011, and it may have been there that he embraced Islam. After release, he started posting comments about Islam and international relations. His anger-filled comments criticized those he saw as enemies of Islam, particularly Israel and the US. He also shared his religious fervor with coworkers at the plant.
A coworker complained about Nolen’s offensive racial comments about white people. As a result, Nolen was suspended from the plant. But he returned with a large kitchen knife and nearly decapitated a 54-year-old fellow employee and stabbed another woman. Seeing the attack, workers threw chairs at the attacker. His rampage ended when one of the plant’s employees shot him. Why did Nolen try to cut off the heads of fellow workers? His coworkers could not understand the word she was saying as he attacked his victims, but several said the language “sounded Arabic.”
This concludes the fourth episode of The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. In Episode Five, we will explore how to respond to an active shooter at work. The full book is available for purchase online from Rothstein Publishing. Nothing in this podcast reflects the official position of the U.S. government. On behalf of Kensington Security Consulting, thank you for listening.

The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business - Episode Two - Terrorism in our Time

Hello and Welcome to The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The authors are David J. Smith and Mark D. Silinsky. This is a Rothstein Publishing product. These are podcasts analyzing the intersection of today’s business practices and international terrorism.  They are brought as a courtesy of Kensington Security Consulting, which brings education to national security. In the next several podcasts, we will broadly cover terrorism and its impact on businesses.
 Terrorism in Our Time
Terrorism is part of your life. You see media reports about terrorist attacks on television and radio, and read about them in newspapers. As a businessperson, you try to make sense of the terrorist killings to better protect your company, your employees, your customers and clients, and your coworkers. Many of the attacks occur in distant lands, such as the Middle East.
Increasingly, they occur in Western countries where American businesspersons operate and travel. In Europe, cartoonists are gunned down in Paris; concert-goers are murdered in nightclubs, cafes, fast-food restaurants, concert halls, and churches. Transit centers and airports, in Brussels and Istanbul, have become charnel houses. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals were killed in a nightclub in Florida. Throughout 2016, attacks continued, and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also referred to as the Islamic State, has promised to attack more sites in the West. In Europe, this state of terror has become the new normal.
Terrorism is becoming part of the national fabric in the US. Terrorist-related words may have entered your vocabulary. You have heard the term extremist or violent extremist in reference to terrorist acts. The term soft target may be familiar to you. It is a person or facility that is not well protected. In Brussels, Paris, Nice, and many other cities and towns, soft targets have been slaughtered in 2016.
You may have noticed that terrorism is becoming increasingly lethal, sophisticated, and clever, particularly in the cyber world. Many attacks do not make the news because there are no sensational killings associated with them. Hackers try to disable controls on water control systems and dams; to poison water supplies in the US and Europe; and to collapse bridges and buildings. Some of the terrorism that threatens you and your business comes from determined men and women with assault weapons or homemade bombs. You probably remember the killing in San Bernardino in 2015 and the bombing attack in Brussels the following year.
San Bernardino: The 200-year-old small city of San Bernardino is located in the hills
of Southern California. It would appear to be an unlikely venue for a terrorist attack. The city bills itself as the first major town on Route 66 in California, coming from the east. A famous song invited Americans to “get your kicks on Route 66.” Many listened. San Bernardino was the gateway for millions of Americans beginning a new life in California, the Golden State.
 
More recently, it was the home of a married couple with a baby girl. Their names were Syed Farook and Tafsheen Malik. Syed Farook was born in the US and adopted Islam passionately. He was a county food inspector who spent much of his free time in a local mosque, memorizing the Quran. He married Tafsheen Malik, a middle-class Pakistani woman. Few people outside their family knew how deep their hatred for the US really was. They were quiet neighbors. Their bottled-up anger exploded like a volcano on December 2, 2015. Earlier, the killers pledged allegiance to ISIL. They came to kill and fired up to 75 rounds from an assault rifle into a crowd celebrating at a Christmas party at Farook’s workplace. The husband and wife team killed 14 people who were completely caught off guard. Months earlier, some of these people had given Tafsheen a baby shower. After all, they were coworkers and friends.
 Brussels: Belgium has never had colonies in the Middle East. You might associate this small European country with treats like chocolate, beer, and waffles, as well as with Old Master painters. But in March 2016, its main airport turned into a site of violence. The reach of ISIL targeted Belgium because, in their words, "Crusader Belgium has not ceased to wage war on Islam.”  Many Belgians did not see their country as part of the Crusades and had no idea that they were so hated.
But Belgium had long been a hotbed of simmering radical Islamic extremism. The 2015 massacres in Paris were planned in an area of Brussels sometimes called "Little Morocco.” The attack on the satirical Charlie Hebdo magazine was plotted there, along with a foiled attack on a high-speed train between Brussels and Amsterdam. According to September 2014 statistics from Belgium’s Ministry of Interior, between 300 and 350 Belgians have gone to fight with ISIL in Iraq and Syria since 2012.
As many as 50 ISIL supporters might have been working at Brussels airport as baggage handlers, cleaners, and food servers. After the attack, Belgians organized a “march against fear” rally to demonstrate that violence would not scare them. However, this solidarity march was canceled due to security issues.
 Are There Lessons to Be Learned?
Reflecting on the San Bernardino and Brussels shootings, you might wonder if you or your employees could become targets of a terrorist attack. What actions should you take if you're involved in one? Could these attacks have been prevented? Was there any way to foresee the attack or understand the anger of the perpetrators? Were background checks inadequate? Did coworkers miss some warning signs? Could anyone have taken precautions they didn't? These questions and others will be examined in upcoming chapters. But first, we need to establish a clear definition of terrorism, which will be the focus of our next podcast.
This concludes the second episode of The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The full book is available for purchase online from Rothstein Publishing. Nothing in this podcast reflects the official position of the U.S. government. On behalf of Kensington Security Consulting, thank you for listening.
 

The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business - Episode One - The Basics

Hello and Welcome to The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The authors are David J. Smith and Mark D. Silinsky. This is a Rothstein Publishing product. These are a series of podcasts analyzing the intersection of today’s business practices and international terrorism. They are brought as a courtesy of Kensington Security Consulting, which brings education to national security. In the next several podcasts, we will broadly cover terrorism and its impact on businesses.
In this series of podcasts, you will learn, among many other lessons:
• The historical perspective of terrorism.
• How different people define terrorism.
• The interrelationship between terrorism and crime.
• When workplace violence becomes terrorism.
• How terrorism affects business and why businesses are targeted.
• The influence of politics in driving terrorism.
• Mental health issues and personality traits of terrorists.
• Some steps you can take to identify terrorists.
• If it is possible to build a profile for the “typical” terrorist.
• What defensive measures can you take to reduce the probability of a terrorist attack and
mitigate an attack, if it occurs?
• How to behave in an active-shooter situation.
1.1Historical Perspective
You may have heard the old saying, “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.” Throughout recorded history, there have been individuals or groups who used violence or the threat of violence to reach political goals. If you call someone “overzealous,” you might, without meaning to, be referring to a group of Jewish militants who, 2,000 years ago, attacked Romans to drive them out of what is now Israel. The Romans saw the militants as terrorists and killed them. A thousand years later, in the Islamic world, a Muslim sect called the “Assassins” killed their religious rivals to gain power and influence. From a British point of view, the Sons of Liberty was a terrorist group when its members tarred and feathered local tax collectors and dumped valuable tea from a British ship into Boston Harbor.
Fidel Castro became a hero of the Third World after overthrowing the Cuban dictator and the organized crime syndicate of the 1950s. During the Cold War, Western leaders and businessmen labeled him a terrorist. Across the Atlantic, starting in the late 1960s, the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which was Roman Catholic, attempted to destabilize Northern Ireland and weaken the Protestants' resolve to remain part of Britain. The IRA also carried out bombings and ambushes against the British government in Northern Ireland and England. These are just a few examples of terrorism throughout history. But, as a businessman, you still face terrorist threats today.
1.2 Characteristics of Terrorism
Regardless of the period, terrorism has maintained several core characteristics that distinguish it from other criminal acts or acts of war. First, it is an efficient form of warfare involving limited risk for potentially large gains. Today, groups like the Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State in the Levant (ISIL) or the Islamic State in Syria (ISIS), can command individuals worldwide to kill for their cause without deploying their own fighters. This was evident in Europe during 2015 and 2016, and these cases will be discussed in this and future podcasts.
A key trait of terrorism is reflected in its name. Terrorists aim to instill widespread fear among nations and their societies. A relatively small number of individuals can hold an entire country hostage if that country is unprepared to counter terrorism. Some nations have adapted to the ongoing terrorist threat. Israel has faced terrorist threats since its founding. In Europe and the U.S., governments are implementing both defensive and offensive measures to prevent terrorists from spreading fear to the public. The threat has grown in Europe, especially after a series of mass-murder attacks by ISIL and its supporters in 2015 and 2016. Additionally, terrorism is almost always used in a negative and criminal way. Those who commit political violence rarely call themselves terrorists. Instead, they tend to use terms like "freedom fighters," "Jihadists," or other phrases that suggest a political or religious motive.
Terrorist Membership Levels
Many terrorist groups share a common basic structure. These organizations usually have different levels of members, resembling political or social groups. There is the core leadership that issues commands and produces propaganda; an active cadre that makes key political and military decisions; and foot soldiers who execute attacks. This has been the typical model during the 19th and 20th centuries. However, the rise of ISIL has increased the prominence of the lone wolf terrorist. This presents an extra challenge for law enforcement and security agencies. The terrorist group’s support network includes active supporters who provide reconnaissance, funding, build and maintain safe houses, and supply weapons and equipment. Many terrorist groups are organized into cells to enhance security.
The Terrorist Cell
Aside from lone wolf operatives, most terrorist organizations operate using a cell system. The modern concept of cellular organization was developed by Louis Auguste Blanqui, a socialist revolutionary of the Napoleonic era. Blanqui brought together several leaders, each responsible for a group of male revolutionaries. These group leaders were the only ones with detailed knowledge of the planned insurrection. The members of the group were not given final instructions until the start of hostilities. This cell structure was adopted and used by anarchists and revolutionaries in the 1880s, before the Russian Revolution, and it remains in use today.
The modern terrorist cell usually has two to ten members, including a leader who works with local leaders of the group. The smaller the cell, the more secure it is. Members of a cell do not know about other cells in the organization. Each terrorist cell might focus on specific tasks, such as bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, or ambushes. When several cells take part in an operation, members are typically only told about their own part in the mission. Often, the leaders of a terrorist group don’t know the actual membership of the cells.
Because of the small size of a cell, its members are very familiar with each other. They tend to be highly suspicious of any new member or outsider, making it difficult to infiltrate an active cell. The weak point in this structure is that someone must act as a bridge between different cells. If the messenger can be identified, he or she could come under surveillance, and authorities might track the locations and leaders of the various cells within a terrorist network organization.
This concludes the first episode of The Manager’s Guide to Terrorism, Risk, and Insurance – Essential for Today’s Business. The full book is available for purchase online from Rothstein Publishing. Nothing in this podcast reflects the official position of the U.S. government. On behalf of Kensington Security Consulting, thank you for listening.